[ CSE 45] CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION REVIEWER - Basic Logic

Civil Service Examination Reviewer

Instructions:

Please answer each question to the best of your ability. Each question is multiple choice, and only one answer per question is correct. Select the most appropriate answer from the options provided.

When you have completed all questions, click the "Submit" button at the bottom of the page to see your score. Good luck!

1. If all roses are flowers, and some flowers fade quickly, which of the following is true?

A) Some roses fade quickly.
B) No roses fade quickly.
C) All roses fade quickly.
D) No conclusion can be drawn.

2. If \( P \rightarrow Q \) and \( Q \rightarrow R \), what can be concluded?

A) \( P \rightarrow R \)
B) \( R \rightarrow P \)
C) \( P \rightarrow Q \)
D) No conclusion can be drawn.

3. If two statements are contradictory, what is their relationship?

A) They cannot both be true.
B) They are logically equivalent.
C) They are both true.
D) They must both be false.

4. All bachelors are unmarried. John is a bachelor. Which of the following is true?

A) John is married.
B) John is unmarried.
C) John might be married.
D) John’s marital status cannot be determined.

5. If \( p \) and \( q \) are both false, what is the truth value of \( p \lor q \) (p OR q)?

A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Cannot be determined

6. What is the contrapositive of the statement: "If it rains, then we will stay inside"?

A) If we do not stay inside, then it does not rain.
B) If we stay inside, then it rains.
C) If it does not rain, then we will not stay inside.
D) If it rains, then we will stay inside.

7. Which of the following statements is a tautology?

A) \( p \land \neg p \)
B) \( p \lor \neg p \)
C) \( p \rightarrow p \)
D) None of the above

8. Which of the following is an example of the law of excluded middle?

A) \( p \land \neg p \)
B) \( p \lor \neg p \)
C) \( p \rightarrow q \)
D) None of the above

9. What is the negation of the statement: "All apples are red"?

A) No apples are red.
B) Some apples are not red.
C) Some apples are red.
D) All apples are red and green.

10. Which of the following is a valid syllogism?

A) All cats are dogs, and some dogs are pets, so some cats are pets.
B) All birds fly, and all animals that fly are mammals, so all birds are mammals.
C) All mammals are warm-blooded, and all dogs are mammals, so all dogs are warm-blooded.
D) All fruits are sweet, and some fruits are sour, so all fruits are sweet and sour.

11. Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?

A) All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
B) The sun rises in the east, so it will rise in the east tomorrow.
C) I feel cold, so it must be winter.
D) Some dogs are large, so some dogs are not large.

12. Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

A) All squares have four sides. Therefore, this shape is a square.
B) Every time I see a white swan, I believe all swans are white.
C) All bachelors are unmarried. John is a bachelor, so he is unmarried.
D) If it rains, the ground gets wet.

13. If \( p \) is true, what is the truth value of \( p \lor \neg p \)?

A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Cannot be determined

14. What is the converse of the statement: "If it rains, then we will stay inside"?

A) If we do not stay inside, then it does not rain.
B) If we stay inside, then it rains.
C) If it rains, then we will stay inside.
D) If it does not rain, then we will not stay inside.

15. If all fruits are sweet, and oranges are fruits, what can be concluded?

A) Oranges are not sweet.
B) Oranges are sweet.
C) Some fruits are not sweet.
D) All fruits are oranges.

16. Which of the following is an example of modus tollens?

A) If it is raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is not wet, so it is not raining.
B) If it rains, then we stay inside. We stay inside, so it rains.
C) If I am tired, then I will sleep. I am tired, so I will sleep.
D) All apples are red, so this apple is red.

17. What is the inverse of the statement: "If it rains, then we will stay inside"?

A) If it does not rain, then we will not stay inside.
B) If we stay inside, then it rains.
C) If we do not stay inside, then it does not rain.
D) If it rains, then we will stay inside.

18. Which of the following statements is a contradiction?

A) \( p \land \neg p \)
B) \( p \lor \neg p \)
C) \( p \rightarrow p \)
D) None of the above

19. Which of the following is a valid form of reasoning for the statement "All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal."?

A) Deductive reasoning
B) Inductive reasoning
C) Abductive reasoning
D) None of the above

20. Which of the following is the best example of inductive reasoning?

A) All apples are fruits. Therefore, all fruits are apples.
B) Every swan I have seen is white, so I conclude that all swans are white.
C) All bachelors are unmarried. John is a bachelor, so John is unmarried.
D) If the sun rises, then it will be daytime.

21. What is the truth value of the statement: "If \( p \), then \( q \)" when \( p \) is false?

A) True
B) False
C) Indeterminate
D) Cannot be determined

22. What is the logical fallacy in the statement: "My friend is a good cook because she made a delicious meal yesterday"?

A) Hasty generalization
B) False cause
C) Appeal to authority
D) Circular reasoning

23. What is the term for a statement that is always false?

A) Contradiction
B) Tautology
C) Conditional
D) Logical equivalence

24. Which of the following is an example of a disjunctive syllogism?

A) Either it will rain, or it will snow. It is not snowing, so it must be raining.
B) If it rains, we will stay inside. It is raining, so we will stay inside.
C) If I am hungry, then I will eat. I am hungry, so I will eat.
D) All students are diligent. John is a student, so John is diligent.

25. Which of the following represents a valid conditional statement?

A) If it rains, the ground will be wet.
B) The ground is wet, so it must have rained.
C) If I am thirsty, I will drink water. I am drinking water, so I am thirsty.
D) Either it is day or night.

26. What is the conclusion of the syllogism: "All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal."?

A) Socrates is mortal.
B) Socrates is not mortal.
C) All humans are Socrates.
D) None of the above

27. What is the term for a statement that is always true?

A) Contradiction
B) Tautology
C) Conditional
D) Logical equivalence

28. Which of the following is an example of a fallacy of composition?

A) If I like a movie, then it must be good.
B) If all parts of the machine are working, the entire machine must be working.
C) If a bird is small, it must be a sparrow.
D) If it rains, it will be wet outside.

29. What does the term "logical equivalence" mean?

A) Two statements are always false together.
B) Two statements are always true together.
C) Two statements have the same truth value in all cases.
D) Two statements are contradictory.

30. What is an example of a valid argument form?

A) Modus ponens
B) False cause
C) Ad hominem
D) Straw man

Result

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